Kelvin Essays - Fellows Of The Royal Society,

Kelvin "Thomson's view on the recent age of the world have been for some time one of my sorest troubles, (pg. 107)" This quote is used to collaborate the author's idea that Darwin was deeply opposed to Kelvin's calculations about the ago of the earth. The author further backs up this idea by using another quote in which Darwin calls Kelvin an "odious spectre, (pg. 107)." It is then stated that Darwin did eventually compromise with Kelvin's calculations. Gould uses a quote from the last edition of the Origin to make the statement more concrete. Darwin's reasons for compromising with Kelvin's theory are then explained in the following paragraphs. Gould discusses Darwin's distress as his leading supporters in England, Wallace and Huxley, didn't agree with him. He uses a quote by Wallace to show this: "if Kelvin limited the earth to 100 million years, then natural selection must operate at generally higher rates than we had previously imagined, (pg. 107)." Using several examples to back up the fact that Huxley wasn't standing behind Darwin further promotes this. Building upon the previous ideas, Gould goes on to display Darwin's distress. Britain's leading geologists tended to follow Wallace and Huxley; therefor they went along with Kelvin's calculations and theories. In the book Gould says, "They stated that Kelvin had performed a service for geology, (pg. 108)." The author concludes by showing how geologists finally rebelled against Kelvin, and his more rigid estimate of 20 million years. Topics are changed and a discussion of the challenge imposed on Kelvin develops. The author states the various parts of Uniformity, and how Kelvin managed to work his way around it. He shows how Charles Lyell, the creator of Uniformity, cleverly implied that, to be a scientist, one had to accept uniformity. Kelvin worked around this by fully accepting uniformity and even basing his calculations upon it. He just attacked the false side of Lyell's view of uniformity.

Daniel Valerio Child Abuse Case Study

Daniel Valerio Child Abuse Case Study Daniel Valerio was born to Cheryl Butcher and Michael Valerio in 1988 at Victoria, Australia (Goddard and Liddell 1995). He was the fourth kid born to Cheryl Butcher but the second to Michael Valerio since they had met when Cheryl had already two kids of her own. About one year later on October 1989, Cheryl and Michaels relationship came to an end, and they parted ways.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Daniel Valerio Child Abuse Case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On February of the following year, Cheryl met Paul Aiton whom she started living together with; that is when Daniel Valerio’s horrifying abusive experience began in events that culminated to his death five months later when he was barely two years old (Goddard and Liddell 1995). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the nature of Daniel Valerio child abuse case in general and generate lessons learned from this experience. By the time that Da niel succumbed to his internal injuries that finally led to his death, he has been on and off in hospitals a dozen times where he was treated by various health professionals that included pediatrics and general practitioners. The coroner postmortem report performed after his death indicated a total of 104 injuries at every part of the young boy’s body (Goddard and Liddell 1995). The coroner report identified the fatal injuries to be on internal organs in the abdomen region, which had been overlooked by the last doctor that was treating Daniel. It is these internal injuries that led to internal bleeding that finally caused Daniel’s death. Other extensive injuries that were identified during the postmortem examination were multiple fractures on the collar bone, head injuries and the trunk among other areas (Goddard and Liddell 1995). In this case, it is evident that Daniels abusive experience started when Paul Aiton moved into their house, a fact that has collaborated fr om several sources including the neighbors who were incidentally the first to notice the signs of abuse. Over the next five months when Paul was continuously abusing Daniel, a series of health professionals were involved, numerous calls made to police, teachers informed and child protection officers notified more than once bringing the total number of professionals engaged to more than 20 (Saunders and Goddard, 2001). What is baffling in Daniel abuse case is that none of these trained professionals were able to avert Daniel death eventually despite their involvement at various levels. Even more troubling is the fact that the police and the child protection officers would not have identified a similar child abuse case that involved Daniels older brother that was also being carried out by Paul.Advertising Looking for essay on family law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the end, it was an electrician who identified t he typical signs of abuse in Daniel that finally led police to investigate, thereby exposing the weakness and ineffectiveness of the Dual Track System; the child protection system in Victoria at the time (Saunders and Goddard, 2001). More questions would be raised about the competence of the various government professionals that could not identify a typical child abuse case, let alone prevent death from occurring. In a highly publicized trial, Paul Aiton was finally found guilty of murdering Daniel Valerio and was sentenced to 22 years in jail, one month later the Minister for Community Services announced far-reaching changes in child protection procedures that involved mandatory reporting of suspected child abuse cases. The significance of Daniel Valerio child abuse case study in the context of a social worker indicates that a well funded, organized and highly trained personnel child protection system is essential for social workers to be competent in their duties. References Godda rd, C. Liddell, M. (1995). Child Abuse Fatalities and the Media: Lessons from a Case Study. Child Abuse Review, 4(1): 356-364. Saunders, J. Goddard, C. (2001). Child Abuse and the Media: Child Abuse Prevention Issues. Retrieved from  https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/child-abuse-and-media

Psychology Learned Helplessness Doctor Seligman Essay

Psychology Learned Helplessness Doctor Seligman - Essay Example The hypÐ ¾thesized depressive explÐ °nÐ °tÐ ¾ry style is chÐ °rÐ °cterized by internÐ °l, stÐ °ble, Ð °nd glÐ ¾bÐ °l Ð °ttributiÐ ¾ns fÐ ¾r negÐ °tive events, Ð °nd externÐ °l, unstÐ °ble Ð °nd specific Ð °ttributiÐ ¾ns fÐ ¾r pÐ ¾sitive events. Ð lthÐ ¾ugh nÐ ¾t every study exÐ °mining the questiÐ ¾n Ð ¾f whether depressed individuÐ °ls hÐ °ve this explÐ °nÐ °tÐ ¾ry style hÐ °s cÐ ¾rrÐ ¾bÐ ¾rÐ °ted this hypÐ ¾thesis, there hÐ °ve been Ð ° lÐ °rge number Ð ¾f suppÐ ¾rtive studies. Indeed, Sweeney, Ð ndersÐ ¾n, Ð °nd BÐ °iley (1986) cÐ ¾nducted Ð ° metÐ °-Ð °nÐ °lysis Ð ¾f 104 studies Ð °nd cÐ ¾ncluded thÐ °t there wÐ °s strÐ ¾ng suppÐ ¾rt fÐ ¾r the link between the pessimistic explÐ °nÐ °tÐ ¾ry style fÐ ¾r negÐ °tive events Ð °nd depressiÐ ¾n, Ð °nd weÐ °k tÐ ¾ mÐ ¾derÐ °te suppÐ ¾rt fÐ ¾r the link between the pessimistic style fÐ ¾r pÐ ¾sitive events Ð °nd depressiÐ ¾n. LeÐ °rned helplessness is Ð ° phenÐ ¾menÐ ¾n cÐ ¾ntÐ °ining three cÐ ¾mpÐ ¾nents: cÐ ¾ntingency, cÐ ¾gnitiÐ ¾n, Ð °nd behÐ °viÐ ¾r. CÐ ¾ntingency Ð °ddresses the uncÐ ¾ntrÐ ¾llÐ °bility Ð ¾f the situÐ °tiÐ ¾n. CÐ ¾gnitiÐ ¾n refers tÐ ¾ the Ð °ttributiÐ ¾ns thÐ °t peÐ ¾ple mÐ °ke regÐ °rding their situÐ °tiÐ ¾n Ð ¾r surrÐ ¾undings Ð ¾f which they Ð °re Ð ° pÐ °rt. BehÐ °viÐ ¾r Ð °llÐ ¾ws individuÐ °ls tÐ ¾ decide whether they will give up Ð ¾r prÐ ¾ceed with the Ð ¾bstÐ °cle set befÐ ¾re them (PetersÐ ¾n, MÐ °ier, & SeligmÐ °n, 1993). When peÐ ¾ple experience leÐ °rned helplessness, they hÐ °ve Ð ° tendency tÐ ¾ give up eÐ °sily Ð ¾r fÐ °il mÐ ¾re Ð ¾ften Ð °t sÐ ¾mewhÐ °t eÐ °sier tÐ °sks. LeÐ °rned helplessness is mÐ ¾re likely tÐ ¾ result frÐ ¾m situÐ °tiÐ ¾ns where fÐ °ilure is uncÐ ¾ntrÐ ¾llÐ °ble. FÐ ¾r exÐ °mple, GernigÐ ¾n, FleurÐ °nce, Ð °nd Reine (2000) cÐ ¾nducted Ð ° study Ð ¾n fÐ °ilure in cÐ ¾ntrÐ ¾lled Ð °nd uncÐ ¾ntrÐ ¾lled circumstÐ °nces. They fÐ ¾und thÐ °t fÐ °ilure wÐ °s mÐ ¾re likely tÐ ¾ Ð ¾ccur in uncÐ ¾ntrÐ ¾llÐ °ble circumstÐ °nces. Ð nÐ ¾ther study, cÐ ¾nducted by Stiensmieier-Pelster Ð °nd SchurmÐ °nn (1989), Ð °ddressed fÐ °ilure in terms Ð ¾f blÐ °ming the results Ð ¾n internÐ °l Ð ¾r externÐ °l fÐ °ctÐ ¾rs Ð °nd hÐ ¾w perfÐ ¾rmÐ °nce wÐ °s